cpp class: constructors, destructor, overload

c++ class: constructors, destructor, overload

Constructors

A class has one or more constructors, which defines how the object is created:

class one_class
{
public:
	one_class()	// constructor 1
	{
		std::cout << "one_class 1\n";
	}
	one_class(int x)	// constructor 2
	{
		std::cout << "one_class 2\n";
	}
};

The above class one_class has defined two constructors.

Then you can create the object like this:

auto obj = one_class{};	// This will call constructor 1

auto obj2 = one_class{33};	// This will call constructor 2

If a class has not explicitly defined a constructor, it "hiddenly" defines an implicit constructor, so a class always has a constructor. Such as:

class one2_class
{
public:
};

Although one2_class has not defined a constructor (explicitly), it still has an implicit constructor.

Then:

auto obj3 = one2_class{};	// This calls implicit constructor of one2_class.

Destructor

A class has only one destructor, which defines what is did when the object is destroyed. Such as:

class one3_class
{
public:
	~one3_class()	// A destructor begins with mark ~
	{
		std::cout << "Destroyed!" << std::endl;
	}
};

A class always has a destructor, if the destructor is not explicitly defined, it has an implicit destructor.

class one3_class
{
};	// one3_class still has an implicit destructor, even you have not explicitly defined its destructor.

So c++ class always has and only has one destructor.

cpp overload

Constructor overloading

One c++ class can have more than one constructors, we can also call them constructor overloading.

The above section of this article has already used the constructor overloading.

class one_class
{
public:
	one_class()		// constructor overloading
	{
	}
	one_class(int x)		// constructor overloading
	{
	}
	one_class(float x)		// constructor overloading
	{
	}
};

class method overloading

c++ class method can be overloaded too, that is implemented by using the same method name for more than one times of the same class.

class one4_class
{
private:
	int x;
public:
	void set()	// method overloading
	{
		x = 0;
	}
	void set(int x1)	// method overloading
	{
		x = x1;
	}
	void set(float x1)	// method overloading
	{
		x = static_cast<int>(x1) + 10000;
	}
};

By the way, static_cast is a c++ operator, which casts a value from one type to another type.

For example, it converts 4.32 to 4:

auto r = static_cast<int>(4.32);
std::cout << r << std::endl;	// r is 4 now

All in one example:

#include <iostream>

class one_class
{
private:
	int x;
public:
	one_class()	// constructor overloading
	{
		x = 3;
	}
	one_class(int x1)	// constructor overloading
	{
		x = x1;
	}
public:
	~one_class()	// Destructor
	{
		std::cout << "This is destructor." << std::endl;
	}
public:
	void set()	// method overloading
	{
		x = 2;
	}
	void set(int x1)	// method overloading
	{
		x = x1;
	}
	void set(float x1)	// method overloading
	{
		x = static_cast<int>(x1) + 10000;
	}
public:
	void print()
	{
		std::cout << "x is " << x << std::endl;
	}
};

int main()
{
	auto obj1 = one_class{};
	auto obj2 = one_class{23};

	obj1.print();
	obj2.print();

	obj1.set();
	obj1.print();

	obj2.set(3);
	obj2.print();

	obj2.set(3.2f);
	obj2.print();
}

Output:

x is 3
x is 23
x is 2
x is 3
x is 10003
This is destructor.
This is destructor.

Written on Sep 20, 2024

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c++ std::exception:

std::cout.write(err.data(), err.size());

std::cout << std::endl;

caught:

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